Photosynthesis is one of the most vital biological processes on Earth. It’s the mechanism by which plants, algae, and some bacteria convert light energy into chemical energy, providing the foundation for nearly all life forms.

At the core of this process are chloroplasts—specialized organelles found in plant cells. These contain chlorophyll, the green pigment that captures sunlight. Using carbon dioxide (from the air) and water (from the soil), plants create glucose, a type of sugar that fuels their growth and development.

The chemical equation for photosynthesis is:

6CO₂ + 6H₂O + light → C₆H₁₂O₆ + 6O₂

This means plants absorb six molecules of carbon dioxide and six of water, then, with sunlight, they produce one molecule of glucose and release six molecules of oxygen into the atmosphere. That oxygen is what we breathe.

Beyond feeding the plant itself, photosynthesis has global benefits. It acts as a natural carbon sink, reducing greenhouse gases. It also keeps the oxygen cycle going, making Earth habitable.

Understanding photosynthesis also helps scientists improve agricultural productivity and study climate change. In fact, innovations like vertical farming and artificial photosynthesis are inspired by this ancient process.

From your backyard to the Amazon rainforest, photosynthesis is quietly powering the planet.